Explain TCP congestion control from slow start through congestion avoidance, covering cwnd/ssthresh dynamics, fast retransmit and recovery, and the differences between loss-based (CUBIC) and model-based (BBR) algorithms.
## Problem
Explain how TCP congestion control works, from the fundamental algorithms (slow start, congestion avoidance) through modern implementations (CUBIC, BBR). Your explanation should cover how the congestion window (cwnd) and slow start threshold (ssthresh) evolve over time, how TCP detects and recovers from packet loss, and the practical differences between loss-based and model-based congestion control algorithms.
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