Walk through the full DNS resolution path from stub resolver to authoritative server, covering recursive resolution, caching layers, TTL behavior, /etc/resolv.conf configuration, and all common record types.
## Problem
You are a junior infrastructure engineer joining an SRE team that manages services across multiple cloud regions. During your first on-call rotation, a colleague mentions that a DNS issue caused a 10-minute outage last month. Your team lead asks you to present a deep walkthrough of how DNS resolution works end to end, so the team has shared context for diagnosing future DNS-related incidents.
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