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Walk through the Linux VFS layer, inodes, dentries, and ext4 journaling. Explain how df, du, and lsof interact with the kernel.
## Problem
You are on a call with a team debugging a production issue where a Linux server reports the disk as 95% full via `df`, but `du -sh /` only accounts for 60% of the space. Explain how the Linux filesystem works from the VFS layer down to on-disk structures, and walk through how you would diagnose and resolve this discrepancy.
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