Diagnose and resolve I/O bottlenecks using iostat, iotop, and blktrace. Cover I/O schedulers, direct vs buffered I/O, and RAID trade-offs.
## Problem
A production database server is experiencing intermittent I/O stalls. Queries that normally complete in 5ms are sporadically taking 500ms+. The server has 8 SAS SSDs in a RAID-10 configuration, 256 GB of RAM, and runs a PostgreSQL database with a mix of OLTP (short point queries) and batch analytics (sequential scans). The operations team has tried restarting the database, but the stalls persist.
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