Design a distributed rate limiter that enforces 10,000 requests/second per API key across 50+ globally distributed nodes with sub-1ms decision latency.
## Problem
Design a distributed rate limiter that enforces request rate limits across a globally distributed API gateway. The system must support multiple limit tiers (per-IP, per-user, per-API-key, and global), make allow/deny decisions in sub-millisecond time, and maintain reasonable accuracy even when individual nodes cannot communicate with the central coordination layer.
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